In 1797, the Boston Marine Society requested a day beacon be built on the island. The resultant octagonal wooden tower, built in 1799, was destroyed in a storm five years after construction and was replaced in 1805 by a more substantial stone day beacon.

Aerial view of Boon Island Lighthouse Photograph courtesy Library of Congress

Following two shipwrecks in 1810, a twenty-five-foot tall tower topped by an octagonal lantern was constructed at a cost of $2,377 along with a stone keeper’s house for $150. While the island itself is barren, it has a lush history best told in the words and deeds of its keepers and their families.

At first Boon Island was barely able to attract and retain a keeper. The first man offered the position refused. The second, David Oliver, accepted, but left without notice to work aboard a ship after the government refused his salary request. “I have made a calculation and find that what would make me comfortable,” Oliver wrote, “would amount to nearly five hundred dollars [per year]—also the wages of a Man and Boy would be thirty dollars a month. Therefore on these considerations I feel myself inadequate to the task, unless government will supply me with some of the above stated articles.”

In March 1812, Thomas Hanna, grandfather of Marcus Hanna who would receive notoriety as keeper at Cape Elizabeth, agreed to man the light for $300 per year, plus a $100 advance for provisions. Hanna soon realized the sum was insufficient and requested $450 annually. After a year on the island, Keeper Hanna threatened that “unless the Government provides for me and my family as agreed, I shall on the first day of April leave this place.” Hanna’s request was forwarded to Secretary of Treasury Albert Gallatin with the following notation, “…it has been difficult to get anyone who would consent to accept the appointment as keeper for the compensation allowed. All the fresh water, wood and necessaries for a family must be carried on to the Island.” Gallatin answered with a $100 salary increase. Three years later Hanna left and was replaced by Eliphalet Grover. Hanna later returned to the service as keeper at Franklin Island.

In 1816, keepers’ salaries varied from $150 per year at Plymouth Lighthouse to a well-deserved high at Boon Island of $400. By 1818, an increase in salary prompted unscrupulous competition for the job. Keeper Grover sent a letter to Collector Dearborn on November 11, 1818. “I have just been informed … that I am dead, but I am yet alive and hope to live to see those people brought to justice for making the report; one of the three is the man that has sent you his recommendation.…”

A new, forty-nine-foot-tall granite tower with an octagonal wrought-iron lantern was built by Colonel Seward Merrill for $3,406.65 in 1831. Although Merrill said he took pains with the mortar and later wrote, “I did my utmost to have it done well,” an 1843 report said it was “laid up in bad lime mortar,” the tower was leaky, and the “walls inside were covered with ice in winter and green mould in summer.” After the twelve lamps, set in fourteen-inch reflectors, went into service in the new tower, the old one was taken down to a height of twelve feet and used as a wood shed.

Grover was still keeper in 1837, earning $600 per year, and his letter writing-enemies continued their assault, branding him “a profane man, uncivil to those who visit the island” and alleging that he lived “in great intimacy” with his wife’s sister (while apparently estranged from his ailing wife). Grover was cleared in court, but the accusations, and other difficulties, would continue.

Boon Island Lighthouse and dwellings Photograph courtesy U.S. Coast Guard

On January 26, 1839, the Grovers were forced to retreat “to the Light House as a place of safety” as the “sea broke into the porch, …unhung the doors and forced the door of the dwelling house and entered the lower rooms,” causing “considerable damage.” The Grovers had faced a similar situation on October 31, 1829 as recorded in the keeper’s logbook. “At 9 PM all my family was forst to go to the Lighthouse and Stay until 5 next morning. At our return to the house found all our water gone and all my turnips and cabage washt away and my walls all Down. I have been hear 13 years and 4 months 28 days and never see such a time before. The sea washd the small rocks from under the Lighthouse and Dwelling house the island was all under water for 4 hours.”

On May 10 of the 1839, the complaints about Keeper Grover must have finally hit their mark, as the keeper wrote in his log: “Turnd of [sic] of Boon Island after Serving as Lighthouse Keeper 22 years and 10 months and 20 Day Without Cause.”

In 1854, the first paid assistant ($300 annually) joined the station, and $25,000 was appropriated for a new lighthouse. After the materials from the old tower were declared “unfit for use in the construction of the new building”, $20,000 more was required to cover a new lighting apparatus and to complete the buildings.

At 133-feet-tall, the new Boon Island Lighthouse, built of granite quarried in Biddeford and lined with brick, was and is the tallest in New England. The tower’s powerful second-order Fresnel lens, produced in France by Sautter et Compagnie, went into service on January 1, 1855. 175 steps were required to climb the tower, a task the keepers had to perform several times each night to trim and fill the lamps, often toting heavy containers of lamp oil. To ease the burden, William C. Williams signed on as second assistant on August 5, 1885, earning $450 annually. He was promoted to first assistant with a $20 increase in 1886, and received another $10 in 1888, before being promoted that year to head keeper at $760 per annum. That would be his last raise, even though he stayed on for twenty-three more years. From 1897-1905, his son, Charles S. Williams was first assistant, following his promotion from second assistant.

Although William C. Williams remained at Boon Island longer than any other keeper, his mind was not immune from the effects of the storms:

There were days when I first went on station that I could not get away from the idea that I was locked up in a cell…. When rough weather came we didn’t know as it would make much difference as to whether we went into the tower or not…When the terrible seas would make up and a storm was in the offing, I was always thinking over just what I would do in order to save my life should the whole station be swept away….I believe it is these things which gradually wear on the mind and finally upset the brain.

The 1888 Annual Report of the Lighthouse Board described the structures at the station. The lighthouse was twenty-five feet in diameter at its base, twelve feet in diameter at the top, and 118 feet high to the base of its lantern. The tower itself and its fourteen windows, which were sealed shut, were leaky. The interior was damp. “The stone dwelling designed for two keepers is occupied by three, two of whom have families. It is old and its interior is in bad condition…, and the keepers have had to store their vegetables and provisions in the halls adjoining their bed-rooms.” The same report also noted that the vibration of the slender tower had been checked by installing six iron ties with struts that were “attached to the top of the lantern and anchored to the masonry 40 feet below the watch-room deck.”

On the evening before Thanksgiving Day 1890, few provisions remained at the station. Keeper Williams was inside the tower worrying about what he and his boys could enjoy the next day, when suddenly there was a crash on the parapet deck. He found eight dead black ducks that had smashed into the tower, and four more on the rocks below. The next day they gave thanks to the Creator for remembering them. Salted cod, sea fowl, and lobsters ranked high in the keepers’ diets, though lobster was far from being a delicacy. In those days some workers even signed contracts to prevent lobster from being fed to them too frequently.

In 1890, the station’s cracked 1,200-pound bell was recast and placed atop a newly completed stone and brick oil house that measured sixteen by fourteen feet. A bell-buoy was placed on Boon Island Ledge, about three miles east of Boon Island, starting in 1858 to mark this navigational hazard.

Though a framed second story had been added to the stone keepers’ dwelling in 1889, the cramped quarters were still noted in the 1891 Annual Report: “There are at this station one keeper and two assistants, and but two sets of quarters in one double dwelling. The second assistant has to board either with the family of the keeper or with that of the first assistant keeper. This forced arrangement is unsatisfactory to all, and is quite unfavorable to the retention of a second assistant of the needed qualification.” The plea for housing was repeated yearly until $4,000 was finally approved thirteen years later.

Until construction of the new dwelling was completed in 1905, animosity festered, as was noted in a letter by First Assistant Charles W. Torrey, “charging the Keeper of that station with neglect of duty, in not properly keeping an account of oil expended at the station, and a waste of the Government property in throwing surplus oil away in order to make his account of expenditures tally.” Apparently, no charges were filed against Keeper Williams; but Torrey soon found himself unemployed.

During the 1930s, Fred Batty was an assistant keeper at Boon Island. His wife Florence recalled that in lieu of indoor toilets, each of the three families would cut off the tops of five-gallon tins of kerosene oil and placed them in an outhouse. Once during a storm Florence heard her daughter’s shrieks. The tin, above which she was perched, had been “two-thirds full and when the sea come, it struck the back of the toilet and it knocked the windows out of the back of the toilet and all that stuff come right out of the square can right onto Arothusa! Right in her hair….So after that, she started using the chamber pots. Florence related a similar experience had by Keeper Harold Hutchins. “A little while after that…same storm, Hutch …put the teapot on the stove to get the tea hot, and he got up to go to the bathroom and…the sea took bathroom and all and took it all out back on the high rocks…I was glad to get off that place. I was scared out in that place...It was an awful life.”

On August 20, 1932, a newspaper printed a letter about the life of a keeper at Boon Island. “One has to have a varied knowledge of things to be a lightkeeper. As one keeper here recently said, ‘I thought all one had to know how to do out here was to clean, paint, and polish brass, but I have found out that one has to be doctor, painter, steeplejack, glazier, boatman, gasoline engineer, electrician, stonecutter and even a cook when the women folks leave us in the fall.’”

Howard Gray (keeper until 1952) said in an article, “Even under normal conditions life on Boon Island was hard. We would get mail and groceries only once a month, and it cost $10 for this service,” which was a considerable amount during the Depression.

Miriam (Dolby) Hammel, wife of a U.S. Coast Guardsman stationed on the island during World War II to watch for German U-boats, had fonder memories of Boon Island. “I look back at the months that we spent on Boon Island as a marvelous part of my life.” But her description of the water system would disgust most people. “The rain would be allowed to wash off the roof where all the seagulls sat every day—then at the foot of the downdrains from thereof, a cup would be turned up to catch the water that came down the drainpipes. From there it would run into a cistern in the cellar. We boiled every bit of what we drank or bathed with. Yuck! That cistern had green scum an inch thick on top of it.”

Despite the storms and hardships, several children and grandchildren loved their time on Boon Island. Mary Luther spent summers there with her grandfather, William C. Williams. She did chores, roller skated on the island’s boardwalk, searched tide-pools, worshipped with the family every evening, and picnicked on Sundays. Eva Philbrick’s father was head keeper on Boon Island from 1913-1918. Eva recalls, “Sometimes I played alone on the rocks, and when there were a lot of seals, I’d make believe that was my army. When a whale went by, spouting, I’d make believe that was my submarine.” And Harold Hutchen’s daughter Shirley Kelley said: “As a kid, it was my idea of Paradise! There was always something to do on the island. We made kites and flew them anytime, as there was always a breeze coming off the ocean.”

Ruth Abbott Carley, who met Gordon B. Kenny at the USO on Boston Common and was dating the coastguardsman while he was stationed at Boon Island Lighthouse in 1951 - 1952, kindly provided the images embedded in this paragraph. Ruth doesn't recall many stories from Gordon's service on the island, but she does remember that the difficulty in accessing the island with the station's boat delayed his coming to visit her in Boston on more than one occasion!

The Blizzard of 1978 helped write the last chapter in Boon Island’s history as a manned light. There were two Coast Guard keepers on the island when the storm hit, tossing boulders across the island. The men sought refuge in the tower as the angry seas damaged the fuel tanks, helicopter pad and generator building, and destroyed the boathouse and boat launch. Not long afterward, the station was automated, and the damaged dwelling was burned.

Following some competition, Boon Island’s original second-order Fresnel lens, which had been removed from the tower in 1993, was given to the Kittery Historical and Naval Museum in Kittery, Maine where it may be viewed by the public. The museum has the following table of lens sizes posted.

Comparative Table of Lens Orders

Order	No. of Lamp Wicks	Oil Consumption Per Hour (oz.)	Approximate Weight of Assembled Lens (lbs.)	Use
1st	4	26.25	12,800	Largest Seacoast Lights.
2nd	3	17.5	3,530	Great Lakes Lighthouses, Seacoasts, Islands, Sounds.
3rd	2	7	1,985	Seacoasts, Sounds, River Entry, Bays, Channels, Range Lights.
4th	1	5.25	440 to 660	Shoals, Reefs, Harbor Lights, Islands in Rivers and Harbors.
5th	2	3.15	265 to 440	Breakwaters, River Lights, Channel, Small Islands in Sounds.
6th	1	3.15	220	Pier or Breakwater Lights in Harbors.

In May of 2000, Boon Island Lighthouse was leased to the American Lighthouse Foundation. The tower is closed to the public and is best seen by boat. A flashing white light, visible for nineteen nautical miles, is emitted from the lighthouse every five seconds.

On May 16, 2012, Boon Island Lighthouse was made available under the National Historic Lighthouse Preservation Act of 2000 to eligible federal, state, and local agencies, non-profit corporations, educational agencies, and community development organizations to be used for educational, recreational, cultural, or historic preservation purposes. Interested entities were given two months to submit a letter of interest expressing their desire to submit an application for ownership.

References

1. Maine Lighthouses: Documentation of Their Past, J. Candace Clifford and Mary Louise Clifford, 2005.
2. The Lighthouses of Massachusetts, Jeremy D'Entremont, 2007.
3. Annual Report of the Light House Board, various years.
4. New England Folk Lore in Prose and Poetry, Samuel Adams Drake, 1901.
5. The Lightkeepers’ Menagerie: Stories of Animals at Lighthouses, Elinor de Wire, 2007.
6. A statistical, political, and historical account of the United States, Volume 1, David Bailie Warden, 1816.
7. The history of the state of Maine: from its first discovery, A.D. 1602, to the Separation, A.D. 1820, Inclusive, Volume 1, William Durkee Williamson, 1832.
8. Lighthouse in my life, The Story of a Maine Lightkeeper’s Family, Philmore B. Wass, 1987.
9. “Boon Island Lens Goes to Museum,” Lighthouse Digest, Timothy Harrison, June 2000.
10. “Boon Island Declares Independence,” Lighthouse Digest, May 2003.
11. “Children of Boon Island,”Lighthouse Digest, Katherine Bailey, April 2003.
12. “Lighthouses in His Blood,” Lighthouse Digest, Ron Pesha, July 2006.
13. “A Boon for Boon Island,”Lighthouses of the Maine Coast, Robert T. Sterling.
14. “Florence Idella Batty: Memories of Maine’s Boon Island,” Lighthouse Digest, December 2005.
15. “Keeper of the Light Was Painter of the Light,” Lighthouse Digest, Timothy Harrison, August 2008.
16. At Home: A Short History of Private Life, Bill Bryson, 2010.
17. “My Life On Boon Island,”Lighthouse Digest, Miriam (Dolby) Hammel, May 2003.